The study investigates how sex and smoking influence somatic mutations and clonal expansion in normal human bladder tissue, revealing sex-specific differences in mutation selection and a link between smoking and TERT promoter mutations, which may contribute to bladder cancer risk.
A comprehensive review led by neurobiologist Claudia Barth highlights the extreme bias in brain aging research, with male anatomy often considered the norm and female bodies largely ignored. The lack of representation has "grave consequences" for female health and wellbeing. Sex hormones, such as estrogens, androgens, and progesterones, play a crucial role in healthy brain aging, impacting cognitive illnesses like depression and Alzheimer's disease. However, only a small percentage of studies examine the influence of sex, and even fewer explore hormonal factors. Understanding how sex steroid concentrations affect the brain during transitional life phases could facilitate the development of mechanistic models for risk assessment and personalized healthcare. Prioritizing female brain health research is crucial for addressing sex differences in disease susceptibility.