A Yale study suggests that Caligula, often seen as a mad and cruel Roman emperor, was actually knowledgeable about medicine, particularly hellebore treatments used in ancient Greece, indicating a more nuanced understanding of his character and medical practices of the time.
Archaeological remains from Spain have revealed that a woman from the late Neolithic/early Copper Age underwent two cranial surgeries during her adult life. The trepanations, or surgical entries into the cranium, were expertly made and aimed to access the outermost layer of tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The surgeries were not the result of violence or ritual cannibalism, as the areas around the trepanations were clean, and the woman lived for months after the second procedure. This discovery showcases the medical knowledge and value placed on life in primitive societies during that time.