
Juno Estimates Europa’s Ice Shell at 29 Kilometers, Hinting at a Deeper Ocean
NASA’s Juno used its Microwave Radiometer to measure Europa’s near-surface ice shell during a 2022 flyby, finding an average thickness of about 29 km (18 miles) in the observed region and favoring thicker-shell models; if a salty layer exists, thickness could be reduced by about 3 miles. The data also reveal small near-surface scatterers—cracks and pores—not likely to provide major nutrient pathways to the subsurface ocean, with implications for future Europa Clipper and Juice missions.

