Ecstasy use linked to lasting memory deficits despite abstinence
A meta-analysis of 14 studies finds recreational MDMA users perform worse on memory tests than non-users, with verbal memory most affected, and these deficits persisting even after six months to years of abstinence. Current users do not differ much from abstinent users, suggesting potential long-lasting effects. However, evidence quality is generally low due to cross-sectional designs and confounding polydrug use, underscoring the need for longitudinal studies and objective exposure measures to clarify reversibility and public health risk.