Volcanic Eruptions Prolong Suppression of Indian Ocean El Niño for 8 Years

Volcanic eruptions in tropical regions have been found to disrupt the Indian Ocean's climate cycles, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), for up to eight years. The intensity of the eruption affects the duration and strength of the disruption. The study also found that the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and the depth of the thermocline in the Indian and Pacific oceans play a role in the post-eruption climate responses. These findings have implications for risk assessments and preparedness in volcanic regions to mitigate the impacts of extreme climate events.