Father issues linked to muscle dysmorphia via vulnerable narcissism.

Men's poor relationship with their father is linked to increased muscle dysmorphia symptoms indirectly through vulnerable narcissism, according to new psychology research. Muscle dysmorphia is a type of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with muscularity and body size, combined with a distorted self-image. The study found that a perceived poor relationship with one's father may lead to males developing unhealthy views of themselves characterized by low self-esteem and self-centeredness, which may then be manifested by an unhealthy preoccupation with muscularity. The findings highlight the importance of positive masculine role models in male development and suggest that interventions targeted towards building positive self-esteem may be effective in preventing the development of muscle dysmorphia symptoms.