France broadens nuclear deterrence, inviting European allies into deterrence missions

President Macron unveiled an expanded French nuclear doctrine that would increase France’s arsenal and allow European partners to host or participate in its deterrence missions, introducing a “forward deterrence” concept and launching a France–Germany nuclear steering group to begin concrete cooperation, including joint exercises and visits to strategic sites. Several other European allies (Greece, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Sweden) could take part in French nuclear wargames, while Paris retains sole authority over nuclear strikes and funding details were not disclosed.