Space-Based AI Data Centers Face Tough Trade-Offs for Earth and Orbit

SpaceX and xAI reportedly plan a million-satellite constellation to run AI data centers in orbit. While proponents cite solar efficiency and lower terrestrial costs, experts warn it could trigger debris cascades (Kessler syndrome), overheating and radiation risks for space hardware, brightening the night sky and harming astronomy, and disruption to Earth observation and climate monitoring; even if feasible, AI training would still require Earth-based resources, and governance gaps could complicate implementation.