Europe’s E5 Nations to Develop Low-Cost Air Defense Under LEAP

Poland, Germany, France, Italy and the UK agreed at a Kraków summit to jointly develop LEAP—Low-Cost Effectors and Autonomous Platforms—aimed at fielding affordable drones and air-defense systems to counter Russian threats, boost NATO readiness, and share burdens. The first LEAP project is expected by 2027, with the five nations pledging defence spending toward roughly 5% of GDP.